The Concept of Dua (Supplication)

When the Holy month of Ramadan is mentioned, thoughts of day-long fasts followed by the much anticipated breaking of fasts come to mind. But while fasting is undoubtedly integral to Ramadan there is a lot more to the Holy month that goes largely unremarked, even though diligently practised.

One such element is dua (supplication). Ramadan is perhaps the one month in which the faithful engage in the most amount of dua. Each salah (namaz) - the five daily prayers offered during set times of the day - is accompanied by a specific dua authored particularly for that time during this month. One would be remiss not to note that the volume of dua during the month of Ramadan and the time spent in its pursuit is one of the most substantial components of ritual prayer during this month.

What is Dua

Dua (supplication) is not a passive act of asking for outcomes. It is an active process that combines intention, effort, and reliance on God. Rather than replacing action, dua inspires individuals to strive toward their goals while trusting that the final outcome rests with the Almighty.

How Dua Functions: Belief vs Reality

Community members go to great lengths to ensure that their loved ones remember them in their dua. From verbal and written messages requesting dua on their behalf, to iltimas al-dua (asking for supplication) gifts shared between friends and family, the presence and importance of dua is felt throughout the month.

But what exactly is dua and how does it function? A common misconception about dua is that it is confined to earnestly saying the words and then waiting for them to miraculously take effect on their own without any further input. You ask for wealth and it appears at your doorstep without you having to lift a finger. You ask for health and all your existing conditions disappear without you having to make any adjustments to your lifestyle. You ask for social harmony and brotherhood, and it happens just like that.

In the Epistle on Animals in Ikhwan al-Safa, Imam Ahmad al-Mastur gives us an insight into the true nature of dua. In what is for the large part an allegorical tale of a court case on the injustices suffered by animals at the hands of mankind, the animals speak critically of human faults thereby making humans aware of the error of their ways. One of the birds in the tale speaks about dua likening the act of supplicating to the process of pollination and the realisation of that dua to the fruition that comes as a result of pollination. This gives the phenomenon of dua a fresh perspective, where dua is not a passive invocation but an active will and determination coupled with toil and labour. Dua is an inspirational force that spurs the faithful to act in accordance with their beliefs and strive to the best of their abilities in pursuit of their goals, while never forgetting that eventual success is in the hands of the Almighty.

Understanding Dua Through the Pollination Analogy

• Dua is like pollination
• Effort is the act of nurturing the process
• Results (fruition) come after sustained action
• Divine will determines the final outcome

This analogy reframes dua as a process-driven practice, not a one-time request.

This notion is further strengthened by a narrative related in Dʿāim al-Islam, where a man once asks Imam Jʿafar al-Sadiq to do dua on his behalf that he may earn a living without having to toil and labour. Imam refused to do so saying: Utlub kama umirta 'seek as you have been instructed.'

Key Principle of Dua: Effort is Non-Negotiable

Dua does not eliminate the need for work. The instruction “seek as you have been instructed” highlights that:

• Effort is a religious obligation
• Prayer supports action, not replaces it
• Sustenance requires both spiritual and practical pursuit

To cite an example let us come to the dua recited daily throughout the Holy month of Ramadan after fajr namaz (morning prayers) authored by Imam Ali Zain al-Abideen wherein he states:

'O Allah inspire us in this month that we may strengthen our familial bonds with kindness and inquire into the state of our neighbours with generosity… that we may call back those that have left us, be fair to those that may have wronged us and make peace with those that choose to be our enemies.'

The term waffiqna (inspire us/give us strength) best illustrates the point and fortifies the argument. It puts the onus of striving and toiling on us while eventual success or failure is a matter of divine prerogative. The inspiration comes from a higher power but if we do not accept it and act in accordance with it, we cannot hope for social harmony to come about of its own accord.

What Does “Tawfiq” Mean in Dua?

Tawfiq refers to divine guidance and inner motivation granted by God that enables a person to act rightly.

Key aspects:

• It is an internal driving force
• It aligns intention with action
• It is granted to those who are sincere
• It enables consistent good deeds

Inspired by this and other duas recited during the month of Ramadan, and understanding the true philosophy of dua, the Dawoodi Bohra community actively participate in a host of social initiatives during the Holy month. From food drives and food rescue partnerships aimed at feeding the less fortunate, to fostership and upliftment campaigns striving to provide community members with a better future, to cleanliness drives that positively impact the health of the environment, the essence of dua is alive within the community.

Why Dua Leads to Social Action

Dua is not limited to personal benefit. When understood correctly, it naturally leads to:

• Community service
• Charity and food distribution
• Social harmony efforts
• Environmental responsibility

This reflects the idea that inner transformation leads to outward impact.

Society is a collective of individuals, and social harmony cannot come about until each individual does his or her part. In order to act for the good and welfare of others one must first condition oneself internally, which brings us to the other aspect of dua, the inspiration itself. The term waffiqnā employed by Imam is of profound significance. Tawfīq is a most sought after internal driving force in all forms of dua. The presence of tawfīq is akin to the first numeral from which an infinite number can come into being and it is reserved only for the pure of heart and the sincere. The attainment of this tawfīq from Allah is a dua which prevails during the Holy month of Ramadan, and proof of its existence is manifest in all the social and individual good that comes about during this most auspicious month of dua.

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